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Publications

Welcome to the Hydration for Health Initiative ‘Scientific Publications’ section. On this page, you can access key scientific articles by category, by clicking on one of the links below. Each article is hyperlinked (where applicable) to the full PubMed (US National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health) website citation. Citations may include abstracts and/or links to full-text , links to full-text content from PubMed Central and other publisher websites.


Beverage consumption

American Beverage Association. Alliance School Beverage Guidelines Final progress report; 8th March 2010.
Apovian CM. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2004;292(8):978-9.
Appleton KM, Blundell JE. Habitual high and low consumers of artificially sweetened beverages: effects of sweet taste and energy on short-term appetite. Physiol Behav 2007;92(3):479-86. Epub 2007 Apr 27.
Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, et al. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2008;31(7):1311-7. Epub 2008 Apr 4.
Barquera S, Hernandez-Barrera L, Tolentino ML, et al. Energy intake from beverages is increasing among Mexican adolescents and adults. J Nutr 2008;138(12):2454-61.
Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(4):537-43.
Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(Suppl 6):S28-34.
Cheng R, Yang H, Shao MY, et al. Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks: a case report and literature review. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009;10(5):395-9.
Collison, KS, Zaidi MZ, Subhani SN, et al. Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children. BMC Public Health 2010;10:234.
Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143(3):240-7.
Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):15-22.
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24(6):794-800.
Drewnowski A, Bellisle F. Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(3):651-61.
Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and 2002. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15(11):2739-47.
Harrington S. The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature. J Sch Nurs 2008;24(1):3-12.
Heller KE, Burt BA, Eklund SA. Sugared soda consumption and dental caries in the United States. J Dent Res 2001;80(10):1949-53.
James J, Thomas P, Cavan D et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328(7450):1237. Epub 2004 Apr 23.
Lim S, Sohn W, Burt BA, et al. Cariogenicity of soft drinks, milk and fruit juice in low-income african-american children: a longitudinal study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(7):959-67, quiz 995.
Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357(9255):505-8.
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(2):274-88.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 2010;121(11):1356-64.
Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, et al. Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics 2003;112(3 Pt 1):e184-91.
Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, et al. The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 2005;65(3):166-73.
Milosevic A. Sports drinks hazard to teeth. Br J Sports Med 1997;31(1):28-30.
Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Wang Y, et al. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care 2009;32(4):688-94. Epub 2009 Jan 16.
Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. Am J Prev Med 2004;27(3):205-10.
Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, et al. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):529-42.
Rivera JA, Muñoz-Hernández O, Rosas-Peralta M, et al. Beverage consumption for a healthy life: recommendations for the Mexican population. Salud Publica Mex 2008;50(2):173-95.
Saldana TM, Basso O, Darden R, et al. Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology 2007;18(4):501-6.
Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 2004;292(8):927-34.
Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, et al. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(2):197-202. Epub 2008 Jun 18
Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2007;97(4):667-75. Epub 2007 Feb 28.
Wolff E, Dansinger ML. Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? Medscape J Med 2008;10(8):189. Epub 2008 Aug 12.

Cardiovascular disease

Braeckman L, De Bacquer D, Maes L, et al. Effects of a low-intensity worksite-based nutrition intervention. Occup Med (Lond) 1999;49(8):549-55.
Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(Suppl 6):S28-34.
Caterson ID, Hubbard V, Bray GA, et al. Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group III: worldwide comorbidities of obesity. Circulation 2004;110(18):e476-83.
Després JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28(6):1039-49. Epub 2008 Mar 20.
Després JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, et al. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(4):497-511.
Glasgow RE, Terborg JR, Hollis JF, et al. Take heart: results from the initial phase of a worksite wellness program. Am J Public Health 1995;85(2):209-16.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 2010;121(11):1356-64.
Rodriguez GJ, Cordina SM, Vazquez G, et al. The hydration influence on the risk of stroke (THIRST) study. Neurocrit Care 2009;10(2):187-94. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 2006;444(7121):875-80.

Cognitive performance

Davis C, Patte K, Levitan R, et al. From motivation to behaviour: a model of reward sensitivity, overeating, and food preferences in the risk profile for obesity. Appetite 2007;48(1):12-9. Epub 2006 Jul 26.
Rhodes SK, Shimoda KC, Waid R, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr 1995;127(5):741-4.

Dental health

Joint report of the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations (CAPIR) and Council on Scientific Affairs (CSA) to the House of Delegates: Response to Resolution 73H-2000; 2001.
Acharya AB, Satyanarayan A, Thakur SL. Status of association studies linking diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease in India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010;30(2):69-74.
Akhter R, Hassan NM, Aida J, et al. Risk indicators for tooth loss due to caries and periodontal disease in recipients of free dental treatment in an adult population in Bangladesh. Oral Health Prev Dent 2008;6(3):199-207.
Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R. The relationship between erosion, caries and rampant caries and dietary habits in preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001;11(6):430-9.
Burt BA, Kolker JL, Sandretto AM, et al. Dietary patterns related to caries in a low-income adult population. Caries Res 2006;40(6):473-80.
Cheng R, Yang H, Shao MY, et al. Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks: a case report and literature review. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009;10(5):395-9.
Dugmore CR, Rock WP. A multifactorial analysis of factors associated with dental erosion. Br Dent J 2004; 196(5):283-6, discussion 273.
El Karim IA, Sanhouri NM, Hashim NT, et al. Dental erosion among 12-14 year old school children in Khartoum: a pilot study. Community Dent Health 2007;24(3):176-80.
Heller KE, Burt BA, Eklund SA. Sugared soda consumption and dental caries in the United States. J Dent Res 2001;80(10):1949-53.
Ismail AI, Sohn W, Lim S, et al. Predictors of dental caries progression in primary teeth. J Dent Res 2009;88(3):270-5.
Jerkovic K, Binnekade JM, van der Kruk JJ, et al. Differences in oral health behaviour between children from high and children from low SES schools in The Netherlands. Community Dent Health 2009;26(2):110-5.
Lamster IB, Lalla E, Borgnakke WS, et al. The relationship between oral health and diabetes mellitus. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(Suppl):19S-24S.
Leake J, Jozzy S, Uswak G. Severe dental caries, impacts and determinants among children 2-6 years of age in Inuvik Region, Northwest Territories, Canada. J Can Dent Assoc 2008;74(6):519.
Levine, RS. Caries experience and bedtime consumption of sugar -sweetened food and drinks- a survey of 600 children. Community Dent Health 2001;18(4):228-31.
Levine RS, Nugent ZJ, Rudolf MC, et al. Dietary patterns, toothbrushing habits and caries experience of schoolchildren in West Yorkshire, England. Community Dent Health 2007;24(2):82-7.
Lim S, Sohn W, Burt BA, et al. Cariogenicity of soft drinks, milk and fruit juice in low-income african-american children: a longitudinal study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(7):959-67, quiz 995.
Livny A, Sgan-Cohen HD. A review of a community program aimed at preventing early childhood caries among Jerusalem infants – a brief communication. J Public Health Dent 2007;67(2):78-82.
Llena C, Forner L. Dietary habits in a child population in relation to caries experience. Caries Res 2008;42(5):387-93. Epub 2008 Sep 10.
Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, et al. The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 2005;65(3):166-73.
Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, et al. Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics 2003;112(3 Pt 1):e184-91.
Mealey BL, Oates TW; American Academy of Periodontology. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2006;77(8):1289-303.
Milosevic A. Sports drinks hazard to teeth. Br J Sports Med 1997;31(1):28-30.
Petti S, Cairella G, Tarsitani G, Rampant early childhood dental decay: an example from Italy. J Public Health Dent 2000;60(3):159-66.
Roberts-Thomson K, Stewart JF. Risk indicators of caries experience among young adults. Aust Dent J 2008;53(2):122-7, quiz 186.
Seow WK, Clifford H, Battistutta D, et al. Case-control study of early childhood caries in Australia. Caries Res 2009;43(1):25-35. Epub 2009 Jan 9.
Waterhouse PJ, Auad SM, Nunn JH, et al. Diet and dental erosion in young people in south-east Brazil. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008;18(5):353-60. Epub 2008 Apr 28.

Hydration status

Ayus JC and Arieff AI. Abnormalities of water metabolism in the elderly. Semin Nephrol 1996;16(4):277-88.
Kavouras SA, Arnaoutis G, Makrillos M, et al. Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011 Mar 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Mentes J. Oral hydration in older adults: greater awareness is needed in preventing, recognising, and treating dehydration. Am J Nurs 2006;106(6):40-9, quiz 50.
Sheehy CM, Perry PA, Cromwell SL. Dehydration: biological considerations, age-related changes, and risk factors in older adults. Biol Res Nurs 1999;1(1):30-7.

The burden of kidney stones

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143(3):240-7.
Saldana TM, Basso O, Darden R, et al. Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology 2007;18(4):501-6.

Overweight and obesity

International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome; 2006.
National Institutes of Health (NIH): North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO)/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults; 2000.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)/National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (NCCPC). Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children; 2006.
New York Department of Health. Eat Well Play Hard: childhood obesity prevention program.
World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Technical Report Series, No 894; 2000.
Apovian CM. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2004;292(8):978-9.
Berg F, Buechner J, Parham E. Weight Realities Division of the Society for Nutrition Education. Guidelines for childhood obesity prevention programs: promoting healthy weight in children. J Nutr Educ Behav 2003;35(1):1-4.
Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(4):537-43.
Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(Suppl 6):S28-34.
Caterson ID, Hubbard V, Bray GA, et al. Prevention Conference VII: Obesity, a worldwide epidemic related to heart disease and stroke: Group III: worldwide comorbidities of obesity. Circulation 2004;110(18):e476-83.
Collison, KS, Zaidi MZ, Subhani SN, et al. Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children. BMC Public Health 2010;10:234.
Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, Merchant AT. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J 2005;4:24.
Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):15-22.
Després JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28(6):1039-49. Epub 2008 Mar 20.
Després JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, et al. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(4):497-511.
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev 2002;3(3):141-6.
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24(6):794-800.
Drewnowski A, Bellisle F. Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(3):651-61.
Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and 2002. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15(11):2739-47.
Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 2002;360(9331):473-82.
Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(3):239-45.
Harrington S. The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature. J Sch Nurs 2008;24(1):3-12.
Inoue S, Zimmet P, eds. World Health Organization/International Obesity Task Force/International Association for the Study of Obesity; 2000.
Jackson-Leach R, Lobstein T. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 1. The increase in the prevalence of child obesity in Europe is itself increasing. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1(1):26-32.
James J, Thomas P, Cavan D et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;22;328(7450):1237. Epub 2004 Apr 23.
James WP. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med 2008;263(4):336-52. Epub 2008 Feb 27.
Jung RT. Obesity as a disease. Br Med Bull 1997;53(2):307-21.
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006 14;444(7121):840-6.
Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:62-76. Epub 2007 May 3.
Knittle JL, Timmers K, Ginsberg-Fellner F, et al. The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size. J Clin Invest 1979;63(2):239-46.
Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 2. Numbers of children with indicators of obesity-related disease. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1(1):33-41.
Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001;357(9255):505-8.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 2010;121(11):1356-64.
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(2):274-88.
Marcus CL, Curtis S, Koerner CB, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function and polysomnography in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21(3):176-83.
Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, et al. Promotion and Provision of Drinking Water in Schools for Overweight Prevention: Randomized, Controlled Cluster Trial. Pediatrics 2009;123(4):e661-7.
Rhodes SK, Shimoda KC, Waid LR, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr 1995;127(5):741-4.
Riccardi G, Aggett P, Brighenti F, et al. PASSCLAIM--body weight regulation, insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk. Eur J Nutr 2004;43(Suppl 2):II7-II46.
Roth J, Qiang X, Marbán SL, et al. The obesity pandemic: where have we been and where are we going? Obes Res 2004;12(Suppl 2):88S-101S.
Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 2004;292(8):927-34.
Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, et al. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(2):197-202. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
Slyper AH. Childhood obesity, adipose tissue distribution, and the pediatric practitioner. Pediatrics 1998;102(1):e4.
Spalding KL, Arner E, Westermark PO, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature 2008;453(7196):783-7. Epub 2008 May 4.
Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Obesity Consensus Working Group. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(3):1871-87. Epub 2004 Dec 14.
Swinburn BA, Caterson I, Seidell JC, et al. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity. Public Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):123-46.
Swinburn BA, Ley SJ, Carmichael HE, et al. Body size and composition in Polynesians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23(11):1178-83.
Thibault H, Rolland-Cachera MF. Prevention strategies of childhood obesity. Arch Pediatr 2003;10(12):1100-8.
Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A, et al. Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity. Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines. Obes Facts 2008;1(2):106-16. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 2006;444(7121):875-80.
Wolff E, Dansinger ML. Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? Medscape J Med 2008;10(8):189. Epub 2008 Aug 12.

Physical endurance and performance

American College of Sports Medicine, Sawka MN, Burke LM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39(2):377-90.
Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Fluid replacement during exercise and recovery from exercise. In: Body Fluid Balance in Exercise and Sport. Buskirk E.R., Puhl, S.M., Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996, pp 267-289.
Barr SI, Costill DL, Fink WJ. Fluid replacement during prolonged exercise: effects of water, saline, or no fluid. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23(7):811-7.
Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, et al. National athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Train 2000;35(2):212-24.
Cheuvront SN, Carter R 3rd, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003;2(4):202-8.
Coyle EF. Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. J Sports Sci 2004;22(1):39-55.
Hew-Butler T, Almond C, Ayus JC, et al. Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Panel. Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005. Clin J Sport Med 2005;15(4):208-13.
Kavouras SA, Arnaoutis G, Makrillos M, et al. Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011 Mar 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Noakes TD. Fluid replacement during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1993;21:297-330.
Walsh RM, Noakes TD, Hawley JA, et al. Impaired high-intensity cycling performance time at low levels of dehydration. Int J Sports Med 1994;15(7):392-8.
Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1992;73(4):1340-50.

Special populations

Al-Malik MI, Holt RD, Bedi R. The relationship between erosion, caries and rampant caries and dietary habits in preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001;11(6):430-9.
Ayus JC and Arieff AI. Abnormalities of water metabolism in the elderly. Semin Nephrol 1996;16(4):277-88.
Barquera S, Hernandez-Barrera L, Tolentino ML, et al. Energy intake from beverages is increasing among Mexican adolescents and adults. J Nutr 2008;138(12):2454-61.
Berg F, Buechner J, Parham E. Weight Realities Division of the Society for Nutrition Education. Guidelines for childhood obesity prevention programs: promoting healthy weight in children. J Nutr Educ Behav 2003;35(1):1-4.
Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, Merchant AT. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J 2005;4:24.
Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics 1997;99(1):15-22.
El Karim IA, Sanhouri NM, Hashim NT, et al. Dental erosion among 12-14 year old school children in Khartoum: a pilot study. Community Dent Health 2007;24(3):176-80.
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev 2002;3(3):141-6.
Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(3):239-45.
Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 2002;360(9331):473-82.
Harrington S. The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature. J Sch Nurs 2008;24(1):3-12.
Ismail AI, Sohn W, Lim S, et al. Predictors of dental caries progression in primary teeth. J Dent Res 2009;88(3):270-5.
James J, Thomas P, Cavan D et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328(7450):1237. Epub 2004 Apr 23.
Jerkovic K, Binnekade JM, van der Kruk JJ, et al. Differences in oral health behaviour between children from high and children from low SES schools in The Netherlands. Community Dent Health 2009;26(2):110-5.
Jackson-Leach R, Lobstein T. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 1. The increase in the prevalence of child obesity in Europe is itself increasing. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1(1):26-32.
Kavouras SA, Arnaoutis G, Makrillos M, et al. Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011 Mar 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01296.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:62-76. Epub 2007 May 3.
Kenney WL and Chiu P. Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(9):1524-32.
Knittle JL, Timmers K, Ginsberg-Fellner F, et al. The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size. J Clin Invest 1979;63(2):239-46.
Lim S, Sohn W, Burt BA, et al. Cariogenicity of soft drinks, milk and fruit juice in low-income african-american children: a longitudinal study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(7):959-67, quiz 995.
Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 2. Numbers of children with indicators of obesity-related disease. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1(1):33-41.
Levine, RS. Caries experience and bedtime consumption of sugar-sweetened food and drinks- a survey of 600 children. Community Dent Health 2001;18(4):228-31.
Livny A, Sgan-Cohen HD. A review of a community program aimed at preventing early childhood caries among Jerusalem infants – a brief communication. J Public Health Dent 2007;67(2):78-82.
Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357(9255):505-8.
Levine RS, Nugent ZJ, Rudolf MC, et al. Dietary patterns, toothbrushing habits and caries experience of schoolchildren in West Yorkshire, England. Community Dent Health 2007;24(2):82-7.
Llena C, Forner L. Dietary habits in a child population in relation to caries experience. Caries Res 2008;42(5):387-93. Epub 2008 Sep 10.
Leake J, Jozzy S, Uswak G. Severe dental caries, impacts and determinants among children 2-6 years of age in Inuvik Region, Northwest Territories, Canada. J Can Dent Assoc 2008;74(6):519.
Marcus CL, Curtis S, Koerner CB, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function and polysomnography in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21(3):176-83.
Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, et al. The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 2005;65(3):166-73.
Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, et al. Promotion and Provision of Drinking Water in Schools for Overweight Prevention: Randomized, Controlled Cluster Trial. Pediatrics 2009;123(4):e661-7.
Mentes J. Oral hydration in older adults: greater awareness is needed in preventing, recognising, and treating dehydration. Am J Nurs 2006;106(6):40-9, quiz 50.
Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, et al. Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics 2003;112(3 Pt 1):e184-91.
Montgomery KS. Nutrition column: An update on water needs during pregnancy and beyond. J Perinat Educ 2002;11(3):40-2.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)/National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (NCCPC). Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children; 2006.
New York Department of Health. Eat Well Play Hard: childhood obesity prevention program.
Petti S, Cairella G, Tarsitani G, Rampant early childhood dental decay: an example from Italy. J Public Health Dent 2000;60(3):159-66.
Rhodes SK, Shimoda KC, Waid R, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in morbidly obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr 1995;127(5):741-4.
Rodriguez GJ, Cordina SM, Vazquez G, et al. The hydration influence on the risk of stroke (THIRST) study. Neurocrit Care 2009;10(2):187-94. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
Seow WK, Clifford H, Battistutta D, et al. Case-control study of early childhood caries in Australia. Caries Res 2009;43(1):25-35. Epub 2009 Jan 9.
Sheehy CM, Perry PA, Cromwell SL. Dehydration: biological considerations, age-related changes, and risk factors in older adults. Biol Res Nurs 1999;1(1):30-7.
Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, et al. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(2):197-202. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
Slyper AH. Childhood obesity, adipose tissue distribution, and the pediatric practitioner. Pediatrics 1998;102(1):e4.
Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Obesity Consensus Working Group. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(3):1871-87. Epub 2004 Dec 14.
Swinburn BA, Ley SJ, Carmichael HE, et al. Body size and composition in Polynesians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23(11):1178-83.
Taveras EM, Sandora TJ, Shih MC, et al. The association of television and video viewing with fast food intake by preschool-age children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14(11):2034-41.
Thibault H, Rolland-Cachera MF. Prevention strategies of childhood obesity. Arch Pediatr 2003;10(12):1100-8.
Waterhouse PJ, Auad SM, Nunn JH, et al. Diet and dental erosion in young people in south-east Brazil. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008;18(5):353-60. Epub 2008 Apr 28.

Type 2 diabetes

International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Global guideline for type 2 diabetes; 2005. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF%20GGT2D.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome; 2006.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas (Fourth edition); 2009.
Acharya AB, Satyanarayan A, Thakur SL. Status of association studies linking diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease in India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010;30(2):69-74.
Apovian CM. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2004;292(8):978-9.
Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, et al. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2008;31(7):1311-7. Epub 2008 Apr 4.
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006;444(7121):840-6.
Lamster IB, Lalla E, Borgnakke WS, et al. The relationship between oral health and diabetes mellitus. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(Suppl):19S-24S.
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 2010;121(11):1356-64.
Mealey BL, Oates TW; American Academy of Periodontology. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2006;77(8):1289-303.
Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Wang Y, et al. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care 2009;32(4):688-94. Epub 2009 Jan 16.
Riccardi G, Aggett P, Brighenti F, et al. PASSCLAIM--body weight regulation, insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk. Eur J Nutr 2004;43(Suppl 2):II7-II46.
Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 2004;292(8):927-34.
Van Dieren S, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, et al. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17(Suppl 1):S3-8.

Water, hydration and health

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal 2010;8(3): 1459.
Howard G, Bartram J. World Health Organization (WHO). Domestic water quantity, service level and health; 2003.
Hardinsyah. Air komponen utama dalam gizi seimbang (Water is a major component in the balanced diet). Makalah disajikan pada Kongres IAKMI (Paper presented at the Indonesian Public Health Association National Conference, 2010, Bandung, Indonesia.
Popkin BM, D'Anci KE, Rosenberg IH. Water, hydration, and health. Nutr Rev 2010;68(8):439-58.

Cancer prevention

World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA; 2007.

Diet, nutrition and lifestyle

Commission on Life Sciences. Recommended dietary allowances 10th edition 1989. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Mexican Ministry of Health. 5 Pasos por tu salud para vivir mejor 2009-2012. Available at: http://5pasos.org.mx/5p/index.php. Accessed July 2010.
World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC, USA; 2007.
World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and Overweight. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.
Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, et al. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2008;31(7):1311-7. Epub 2008 Apr 4.
Braeckman L, De Bacquer D, Maes L, et al. Effects of a low-intensity worksite-based nutrition intervention. Occup Med (Lond) 1999;49(8):549-55.
Collison, KS, Zaidi MZ, Subhani SN, et al. Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children. BMC Public Health 2010;10:234.
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24(6):794-800.
Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(3):239-45.
Glasgow RE, Terborg JR, Hollis JF, et al. Take heart: results from the initial phase of a worksite wellness program. Am J Public Health 1995;85(2):209-16.
Guthrie JF, Morton JF. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100(1):43-51, quiz 49-50.
Hider PN. Environmental interventions to reduce energy intake or density: a critical appraisal of the literature. NZHTA report 2001; 4(2).
Johnson RK, Frary C. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars: the 2000 dietary guidelines for Americans – what's all the fuss about? J Nutr 2001;131(10):2766S-2771S.
Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 2008;117(6):754-61. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, et al. The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 2005;65(3):166-73.
Mattes RD. Dietary compensation by humans for supplemental energy provided as ethanol or carbohydrate in fluids. Physiol Behav 1996;59(1):179-87.
Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(1):1-14. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
Mook DG, Votaw MC. How important is hedonism? Reasons given by college students for ending a meal. Appetite 1992;18(1):69-75.
Popkin BM. An overview on the nutrition transition and its health implications: the Bellagio meeting. Public Health Nutr 2002;5(1A):93-103.
Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, et al. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):529-42.
Riccardi G, Aggett P, Brighenti F, et al. PASSCLAIM--body weight regulation, insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk. Eur J Nutr 2004;43(Suppl 2):II7-II46.
Rivera JA, Barquera S, González-Cossío T, et al. Nutrition transition in Mexico and in other Latin American countries. Nutr Rev 2004;62(7 Pt 2):S149-57.
Rivera JA, Muñoz-Hernández O, Rosas-Peralta M, et al. Beverage consumption for a healthy life: recommendations for the Mexican population. Salud Publica Mex 2008;50(2):173-95.
Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, et al. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr 2009;12(2):197-202. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
Sorensen G, Morris DM, Hunt MK, et al. Work site nutrition intervention and employees' dietary habits: the Treatwell Program. Am J Public Health 1992;82(6):877-80.
Taveras EM, Sandora TJ, Shih MC, et al. The association of television and video viewing with fast food intake by preschool-age children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14(11):2034-41.
Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2007;97(4):667-75. Epub 2007 Feb 28.
Volek JS, Luz Fernandez M, Feinman RD, et al. Dietary carbohydrate induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting athleogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome. Prog Lipid Res 2008;47(5):307-18. Epub 2008 Mar 15.
Volek JS, Westman EC. Very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets revisited. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69(11):849, 853, 856-8 passim.

Taste receptors and dietary intake

Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, et al. Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(7):4692-6. Epub 2002 Mar 26.
Rozengurt E. Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. I. Bitter taste receptors and alpha-gustducin in the mammalian gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;291(2):G171-7. Epub 2006 May 18.
Wellendorph P, Johansen LD, Bräuner-Osborne H. Molecular pharmacology of promiscuous seven transmembrane receptors sensing organic nutrients. Mol Pharmacol 2009;76(3):453-65. Epub 2009 Jun 1.

Current guidelines

American Beverage Association. Alliance School Beverage Guidelines Final progress report; 8th March 2010.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal 2010;8(3):1459.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)/National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (NCCPC). Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children; 2006.
National Institutes of Health (NIH): North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO)/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults; 2000.
World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and Overweight. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.
World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Technical Report Series, No 894; 2000.
Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A, et al. Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity. Management of Obesity in Adults: European Clinical Practice Guidelines. Obes Facts 2008;1(2):106-16. Epub 2008 Apr 18.

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